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Pheromones are odors that are produced and secreted by one individual and detected by another individual of the same species. Studies, experiments and research indicates that human pheromone signals are detected through an auxiliary olfactory sense organ 3 inches inside the nose called the Vomeronasal Organ or VNO for short. When the Vomeronasal Organ detects pheromones such as androstenone, it sends sexual response signals to the brain. This creates an attraction between two individuals of the same species. Since the communication between the VNO and pheromones cannot be sensed by the 5 senses of the human body, the VNO is often called the "sixth sense".

The topic of VNO in humans will always raise controversy since the existence of the VNO is subject to interpretation by many experts on whether or not they do attract the opposite sex. Some even say that the VNO doesn't exist at all. Whether or not the VNO works or exists is the underlying question on whether pheromones work or not. Studies have been made that proves that pheromones like androstenone when inhaled by female subjects causes their hormone levels to change suggesting that the VNO is somewhat connected to the brain. Only specific chemicals trigger a response from the VNO. Odors such a garlic, olives, etc have no effect at all. However other experts believe that the results such as a change in hormone levels do not prove that pheromones attract or trigger sexual desires among human beings. It is currently hard to differentiate the emotions that each of the test subjects feels that testing whether or not pheromones actually help or create an attraction may take a long time before finding a definite conclusion.

Pheromones and the VNO are a big part of animals, lower mammals and insects. It is undoubtedly true that pheromones in lower mammals are essential for sexual signal reception and attraction but what about humans? Human awareness and consciousness are astronomically more complex than any insect or animal's way of thinking. To suggest that our sense of smell contributes more than all other senses and contributes more than our brain in finding a mate maybe hard to believe.

A lot of human beings have already tried different pheromone products. There is a growing community made up of normal everyday people that believe that pheromones do work and these pheromones illicit behaviors such as attraction to the opposite sex. They fully give their support and testimonials on these products and are actively seeking newer more potent products and product combinations.

Pheromones are a type of chemical substance that serves to stimulate and have sex appeal to both male and female animals.

This substance is derived from endocrine glands and is used by living things to recognize same-sex, other individuals, groups, and to assist the process of reproduction. In contrast to hormones, pheromones spread to outside the body and can only influence and be recognized by other similar individuals.

Pheromone, derived from the Greek 'phero' meaning 'carrier' and 'Mone' 'sensation'.

Discovery Pheromones

The first pheromone found in Germany, by Adolph Butenandt, scientists are also found in the human sex hormone that is estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. When first discovered in insects, pheromones are many insects associated with reproductive function. Scientists initially seen as a counterpart pheromone 'perfume' in the human world.

The inventor of the first pheromone substances in animals (insects) is Jean-Henri Fabre when in the spring of 1870 one of his observations on the moths 'Great Peacock' female came out of its cocoon and placed in a wire cage on his study table for some time to find that on the night day, dozens of male moths gather merubung wire cage in his study table. "They come from all directions, without me knowing how they found the female on my desk ..." writes Fabre.

Fabre spent the following years studying how male moths 'find' female-female. Fabre came to the conclusion that female moths produce 'chemical' smell attract certain male moths.

With the conclusion of this Fabre, start the whole new research field of pheromones.

Pheromones On Butterflies

When a butterfly flapping its wings male or female, that's when pheromones spread in the air and invites the opposite sex to be sexually approached. Sex pheromone-specific properties for biological activity in which males or females of other species will not respond to pheromones released from females or males of different species

Pheromones in Termites

To be able to detect the path explored, individual termites that are in front of marker release pheromone trail (pheromone trail Following) that came out of the gland the sternum (sternal gland at the bottom, back of the abdomen), which can be detected by the termites who was behind it. Pheromone chemical properties are closely related with the smell of food so that termites can detect objects of food.

Basic Termite Pheromones: Development Manager

In addition to the pheromone trail markers, experts ethology (behavior) termite colony also assume that the settings are under the control of pheromone basic (primary pheromones). For example, impaired growth / formation neoten caused by a kind of basic pheromone released by the queen, who serves inhibit sexual differentiation.

Soon after the queen dies, is lost, forming a pheromone-neoten neoten replacement queen. But then again neoten who have formed the same issue so pheromones more neoten formation can be inhibited.

Basic Pheromones also play a role in the establishment of caste differentiation and caste soldiers worker, issued by the reproductive caste.

Viewed from biology, termite colony itself by some experts regarded as supra-organisms, the colony itself considered a living being, whereas individuals in a termite colony is only the parts of limbs that supra-organisms.

Comparison of the number of neoten, soldiers and workers Dalan one colony is usually not permanent. Colonies that are growing very fertile having a lot of workers with the number of soldiers are not many (approximately 2-4 per cent). Colonies that experienced many problems, for example because there are a lot of ants around it will form more soldiers (70-10 percent), because it is necessary to defend the nest.

Pheromones in Moths

Communication via pheromones is widespread in the insect family. Pheromones act as a sexual gimmickry between females and males. Types of pheromones that are used frequently analyzed moths as the substance of mating. Female gypsy moth can affect male moth a few kilometers away by producing a pheromone called "disparlure". Because the male moths can perceive a few hundred molecules of females that emit signals in only one milliliter of air, disparlure is effective when deployed in a very large area.

Pheromones Ants and Bees In Honey

Pheromones play an important role in insect communication. Ants use pheromones as tracers to show the way to food sources.

When a honey bee sting, he did not just leave the needle in the skin of its victim, but also leaves a chemical called other honey bees to attack.

Similarly, workers from various species of ants secrete pheromones as alarm substance, which is used when exposed to the enemy; pheromones spread in the air and collect other workers. When these ants have met the enemy, they also produce pheromones that signal either increases or decreases depending on the nature of the danger.

Roaches and the CIA

Female roaches attract the opposite sex by releasing periplanon-B. It is said that the CIA has used these compounds to catch a spy. Trick suspects subjected to periplanon-B and arrested if action with a male cockroaches detector. Roaches are very precise with a male will find a person who in his shirt bears periplanon-B, although the spy may not smell these compounds.

Hamster, The Elephant and the Moth

From research on other animals, work the same way were also found. Female hamster, for example. According to research, these animals using dimethyl disulfide to attract male hamsters approached. But that was surprising is the elephant and the moths have the same sex pheromone, ie, Z-7-dodesen-1-yl-asetat.Namun although similar, elephants and moths will be attracted because the Z-7-dodesen-1-yl-acetate moths produced too little for di'rasa'kan elephant, and vice versa.

Pheromones In Humans

Pheromones in humans are chemical signals that are in the air that can not be detected by smell but can only be felt by the VMO in the nasal / olfactory senses. This signal is generated by specialized tissue that is concentrated in the arm. Pheromone signal is received by the VMO and accessible parts of the brain called the hypothalamus. This is where the hormonal changes that result in behavioral and physiological responses.

Pheromones On Menstrual Cycle

In 1998 McClintock with his colleague Kathleen Stern re-publishing the research findings in the journal Nature. This time they said there are two types of pheromone that specifically affect the menstrual cycle in common.

The menstrual cycle consists of three phases, namely menses, pre-ovulatory and luteal alias post-ovulation. One of the pheromone produced by women in pre-ovulatory phase of the cycle and accelerate ovulation in the next phase.

Other pheromones emitted at the time of ovulation took place. This signal has the effect of slowing the cycle. The end result is a cycle number of women living close together.

Fall In Love: The Nose down-to-heart
The phenomenon of pheromone as a form of communication is a long time began to be applied in everyday human life. Especially since it was found that pheromone also produced by glands in the human body. And, importantly, can affect the hormones in the body (especially brain) other humans. The simplest example is the "body odor."

Regardless of the type of foul body odor to make other people away, every man has a distinctive odor and characterize himself. By experts analogous to that body odor is like fingerprints. So, we each have a unique odor and is very different from other humans. Thus, human pheromones produced, in the future could be one of identity.

Pheromones in humans it also serves as a sexual attraction. The chemist from Huddinge University Hospital in Sweden even claim that pheromones also has a share in producing feelings of love, a crush, love, and even sexual arousal of a man on another man.

This they prove it when doing research on brain reactions 12 pairs of men and women after smelling synthetic compounds like pheromones. Smells immediately react to the hormone estrogen (in women) and the hormone testosterone (male).

Thus, human attraction to another human being, whether it be a relationship of love, sexual passion, as well as in choosing a friend, also based on the odor produced by human pheromones.

Other Chemical Elements Come body Contribute

As written in Indonesian National Geographic magazine, February issue, 2006, Helen Fisher's research and his friends, when someone looked at her lover, will stimulate dopamine ventral tegmental and caudate nucleus in the brain lights up. In appropriate doses, dopamine creates the power, excitement, focused attention, as well as a strong incentive to provide benefits. That's why falling in love can make bad eating, sleeping rough.

Other researchers showed that the chemical disorder of the body is evident when someone falls in love. For example it was found that serotonin levels of people who are obsessed and her lover 40 percent lower levels of serotonin than normal people.

Grandparents can live in harmony until their old age as well as chemical compounds. His name is oxytocin. According to research, loyalty to the couple associated with high levels of oxytocin. Oxytocin levels can be improved by each of the couples who try to love each other, though sometimes annoying partner. That's probably the core of the advice of parents, "love grows as usual".

Science Progress Pheromones

Along with the development of science about the pheromone, it is understandable it turns out insects produce a variety of chemical substances that affect the behavior of other similar insects.

Ants for example, produce pheromones to attract his friends share work transporting food from distant places to nest them. That is why we often see ants walking consecutive-procession.

Several species of flies, moths and beetles also produce certain chemical substances applied to the nest where lay its eggs. These chemical substances will prevent other insects to put eggs in the same place, thus reducing the competition of new insects that will hatch from eggs earlier.

Until now, scientists have identified more than 1600 pheromone used by various insects, including pest insects. Since it has been identified, this pheromone can be made in large quantities in this synthetic sintetis.Feromon be widely used for insect traps.

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The designing of pheromone fragrances came about when people began to desire a way to be more attractive to the opposite sex. Pheromones are produced in the body and excreted in a person's sweat. Animals have been using these scents from the beginning of time, but humans have only recently caught on to what these chemicals can do. Men and women are able to buy pheromones contained in perfume and cologne from a variety of sources.

These scents come in the form of a spray, a liquid that is applied with a dropper, or a liquid that can be dabbed on with a finger. There are different concentrations, as well as a number of types of pheromones within these fragrances. The scents with a weaker concentration of pheromones will need to be applied more often than the more potent versions. Pheromone fragrances can each include a different pheromone.

The type of pheromone contained in the perfume or cologne will depend on its purpose, as well as if the scent is to be worn by a man or a woman. For example, a few men's colognes might contain androsterone, androstenol, androstadienone or androstenone. Women's perfumes might have copulins, androstenol, or estratetraenol in them. The purpose for wearing these pheromone-laced scents can be for simply attracting more attention from the opposite sex for the benefit of being noticed or for attracting a person for more serious purposes.

Men and women both produce androstenol and androstenone. There is a sandalwood scent associated with androstenol, which is why it tends to be more common in fragrances that have more of a musky smell to them. The more subtle scents include androsterone and copulins. Both of these cause behavior-enhancing effects to take place, with the previous being found in men's colognes and the latter in women's.

For people looking to save a bit of money, the scents that use synthetically produced pheromones will be a bit cheaper. These synthetic versions have been used for almost two decades and are very common. Some of the claims that manufacturers of fragrances with pheromones have provided include; a reduction in rejection, a boost in confidence, an increase in the number of dates, more smiles, touches, and winks, and a noticeable enhancement in an existing relationship.

Each person has better luck with different fragrances. There some which seem to work for a wide variety of people, so these individuals swear by these specific types of scents. Pheromone fragrances can also have a different affect on each individual that comes into contact with it. For instance, a certain pheromone-enhanced fragrance may cause one woman to react strongly, but her friend might not be fazed. When deciding to buy pheromones and fragrances combined, be sure it's a scent that compliments your own.

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Have you ever meet a girl that you just â??clickedâ? with and had instant chemistry? Have you ever noticed that some guys are always the center of attention with women? Have you ever had a girl tell you she really likes your smell, when ironically, you werenâ??t wearing any cologne? Did you know that some women living together or working in the same office will often share the exact same menstrual cycle? Something is going on here, and each situation has â??somethingâ? in common. That â??somethingâ? is an unspoken and powerful chemical language that humans communicate with on a very instinctive and subconscious level. That language is the language of pheromones.

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Pheromones are a well-established system of communication that animals and people use to communicate on a subconscious level. Pheromones are chemicals that signal a specific behavioral response such as defense, territorial rites, and even the desire to have sex. You canâ??t see them, smell them, or taste them, but they are there, affecting our actions and reactions unbeknownst to us, all the time.Â

For guys, attraction is simple. We see a hot a girl, and we know instantly if weâ??re sexually attracted to her based on that visual stimulus. For women, itâ??s not so simple. How many times have you seen a gorgeous girl with a guy whoâ??s just average? I bet you asked yourself â??Howâ??d that happen?â? And whenâ??s the last time the â??nice guyâ? got all the girls? Unfortunately, that never happens. Women base their attraction to men on a POWERFUL, instinctive feeling they get. Women just know. And guess what? Now YOU can make any woman KNOW that YOU are the one sheâ??s sexually attracted to with AXCITEâ?¢! How is this possible?

Location of the VNO in the human nasal Cavity

There are countless studies and reports that PROVE the effects of human sex pheromones, demonstrating that humans DO produce and DO react to pheromones! For example, in controlled experiments, women exposed to menâ??s axillary pheromones found the men they viewed MUCH more sexually attractive! Another study revealed that 74% of women, when exposed to sex pheromones, reported more sexual intercourse with men! They also reported increases in formal dates, petting, affection, kissing, and a greater desire to sleep closer to their partner! A similar study conducted with men exposed to sex pheromones concluded with similar results, as men reported more sexual intercourse, affection, kissing, and dates! Further discoveries in science are supporting the influence of pheromones on human sexual behavior with the discovery of the gene V1RL1 that codes for a pheromone receptor in people!

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Pheromones are chemicals that send signals to other members of the same species. These signals could serve many purposes such as marking out territory (As dogs and cats do) or to mark a food trail (How ants all seem to converge on the same food source) or to send alarm signals warning other members of the species of impending danger.

However, the most widely known purpose and the one which has always attracted the most attention is the use of pheromones as a means of sexual attraction. Pheromones as a sexual attractant were identified as far back as 1956 when scientists extracted a compound from certain glands on the abdomen of the silkworm moth. This pheromone which they named bombykol was found to have an amazing effect on male silkworm moths. When exposed to it they immediately went into a frenzied "flutter dance".

But do pheromones work in the world of mammals as well? Studies done on hamsters and rats certainly seem to suggest they do. These studies also suggested that pheromones do not act directly on the normal olfactory senses. They do involve smells but they seem to act through a very specific channel.

Researchers believe that the vomeronasal organs are instrumental in picking up these specialized signals. The vomeronasal organs or VNO's are tiny cigar-shaped organs found in the nostrils which appear to communicate directly with the parts of the brain that control reproduction and parenting behavior.

That's all very well but do these same mechanisms of attraction and behavior modification apply to the most complex of mammals – man himself? This has long been debated. Sense of smell is perhaps one of human beings least used senses and given the world we live in we perhaps need to rely on it less for survival than other primitive mammals.

On the other hand a multi-billion dollar worldwide perfume industry is ample proof of the importance that most of us place on odors and perhaps the lengths to which we go to mask what we consider to be undesirable smells. But do humans have naturally occurring pheromones which impact on the lives of others in the species?

Several studies have shown promising results. Dr. Winifred Cutler, a biologist and behavioral endocrinologist, found pheromones present in underarm secretions. She also found that women who had regular sex with men had more regular menstrual cycles. Pheromones which had been identified in the under arms of men contributed significantly to this outcome.

Another notable study was conducted by Martha Mclintock in the 1970's when she observed that the menstrual cycles of groups of women who lived together tended to become synchronized. Further study revealed the startling fact that it was exposure to pheromones from other women which caused the changes in cycle.

Test subjects were exposed to sweat samples collected from other women. Their menstrual cycles slowed down or sped up depending on the time of month when the samples had been collected. The implications of this discovery for treatment of infertility or even contraception are obviously extremely exciting and it has been suggested that pheromones could also be used to alter mood and alleviate depression and stress.

Pheromones are also likely to be the scientific basis of the romantic concept of "chemistry" between individuals – that feeling of an instant attraction and connection with certain people. There is also evidence that we seek out mates whose immune systems complement ours. In other words we are instinctively attracted to people whose immune systems are most different from our own. This ensures the production of the strongest and healthiest offspring. Our instinctive actions are based on the pheromonal signals we pick up.